2025 LLM Year in Review by Andrej Karpathy

LLMs are emerging as a new kind of intelligence, simultaneously a lot smarter than I expected and a lot dumber than I expected. In any case they are extremely useful and I don’t think the industry has realized anywhere near 10% of their potential even at present capability. Meanwhile, there are so many ideas to try and conceptually the field feels wide open.

A nice read, if a little longer. Perhaps the reason why I had not gotten to it yet.